Explanation:

From the circuit symbols in the data booklet, component A is a heating element.

When current flows in the circuit, the heating element will increase in temperature and the resistance will increase. This will increase the total resistance of the circuit and result in a decrease in the current due to the relationship I=V/R.

Explanation:
The question gives $T$ in celsius. In kelvin, the temperature would be T+273.

Using the equation PV=nRT, we get number of moles = PV/RT. Since $M$ represents the number of moles, it will substitute into the equation for $n$ and $(T+273)$ will substitute as temperature in the equation giving

M=PV/R(T+273) which is answer A

Explanation:

Once the switch is closed, the heating element in the circuit on the left  increases in temperature.

This increase affects the thermistor by decreasing its resistance. As a result the current in the circuit on the right increases, causing the lamp's brightness to increase.

Explanation:
In an ideal gas system, it is assumed that molecules have negligible size and that there are no intermolecular forces. System A most resembles an ideal gas because it satisfies these criteria.

Whilst Systems B and C both contain molecules of significant size with strong intermolecular forces, System B is most likely to exhibit non-ideal gas characteristics due to the relatively high gas pressure, which corresponds to greater proximity between the molecules: a decreased intermolecular distance yields increased intermolecular forces, as well as enhancing the influence of non-negligible molecular size (the total molecular volume constitutes a greater percentage of the container volume).

Explanation:
Temperature appears to be doubled; but that is using the celsius scale. Absolute temperature is not doubled. So, $D$ is incorrect.

Volume cannot change, since the container's volume is fixed. The number of moles cannot change since the gas is enclosed in the container.

Hence, pressure is proportional to absolute temperature:

p2/p=[273+542]/[73+27] ⇒p2=1.09p

Explanation:

60$J$ per second gives power, P=60W

$A$ therefore the answer is A.

Explanation:

• A. All electrical components are resistors to some extent. Even the best conductors will take up some amount of energy as electricity flows through them.
• B. While all materials are conducting given the appropriate voltage, at voltages as low as those shown on the graph, no current would flow if the material was not a good conductor of electricity.
• C. According to the graph, the ratio $V$/$I$ is not constant. By definition, that indicates a non-ohmic resistor. C is the correct answer.
• D. The voltage-current graph of an ohmic resistor is a straight line whose gradient represents a constant resistance.

Explanation:

Solar constant (S) is the intensity of sun light at the orbit of the planet. For Earth, at a distance of 1AU from the sun, it is 1.36×10^3 W m^−2

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source: I∝1/d^2

$\therefore$ Intensity at a distance 30 times as far will be 30^2 (=900) times weaker.

SNeptune=1360/900=1.5 W m^−2

Explanation:

Uranium-235 is a rare radioactive isotope on Earth, extracted from uranium ores. The available uranium is limited and will be depleted in time. Biomass will replenish in a human lifetime, so is considered renewable.

Explanation:
Gas pressure is caused by the particles colliding with the walls, applying a force to them. It is related to the rate of particle-wall collisions per unit surface area of the container per unit time.

A is incorrect because with an increased number of particles more particle-wall collisions will occur and that will lead to a greater rate of collision per unit surface area of cylinder per unit time since there will be no change in the speed of the particles.

B is incorrect because actually the additional particles bring in more kinetic energy so the existing kinetic energy is not being distributed over a larger number of particles. Additionally, since the temperature is being kept constant, the average kinetic energy is constant.

C is correct because there are now more particles in the same volume, the rate of collision per unit surface area of the cylinder per unit time will increase.

D is incorrect because there is no change in the average speed of the particles due to the temperature remaining the same. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles, and the particle kinetic energy depends on the speed of the particles.

Explanation:

Ice has half the specific heat capacity of liquid water and the rate of energy loss is constant. Therefore, after freezing the temperature of the system decreases at twice the rate compared to when cooling in the liquid state.

Explanation:
The average kinetic energy doubles which means that the temperature doubles. To maintain constant pressure, volume would have to double.

Since the number of molecules also doubles, volume would have to double again to maintain constant pressure.

Thus the volume must get 4 times larger from pV=nRT

Explanation:

The kinetic model of ideal gases assumes that intermolecular forces (and therefore intermolecular potential energy) are negligible, and that the mean kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to gas temperature; hence, Properties I and II stay constant during the expansion. Conversely, Property III changes because gas pressure decreases during the expansion, and pressure scales with the frequency of molecular collisions with the walls of the piston.

Explanation:

The net change in the internal energy of a cyclic process is zero because it returns to its original temperature after each cycle. This means that statement I is correct.

The total change in entropy is zero for any reversible cycle. This means that statement II is correct as the gas returns to its original state each cycle.

The graph is for a heat engine, which takes in heat and does work on the environment. Therefore statement III is incorrect. A clockwise cycle always does net positive work on the environment.