Explanation​:

The recent personal experience increases the accessibility of a schema due to recent events. This results in priming, which helps in remembering older memories/experiences.

For example, when someone talks about a particular social group/thing/experience, it will likely increase your accessibility to your schema about similar things.

Explanation​:

Hofstede conducted his research by mailing an extensive survey about workplace values to 117,000 IBM employees in 50 countries. Hofstede carried out his research using a questionnaire called the Values Survey Module. From the results, he created his cultural dimensions, which reflect the national cultural characteristics of a country.

Explanation​:

When people can/do unconsciously change their behaviour, causing the schema to become true, it is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

A & B are ways in which stereotypes are formed in people. In contrast, D is an effect of stereotypes.

Explanation​:
An individual within a cultural group may not consistently follow cultural norms for various reasons. These could be environmentally driven – that is, an individual behaves differently in a workplace with a different dominant culture compared to when they are home. In addition, if an individual is experiencing acculturation, their values may begin to encompass those of the new culture. Neither of these situations inherently means an individual no longer belongs to their cultural group.

Explanation​:
Protective factors reduce acculturative stress. Sharing similar values with family members can promote greater support and unity within the household (choice A), and sufficient income also reduces stress (choice C).

Bilingualism is considered a protective factor as it widens the social support network available to individuals (choice B).

A strong preference for only speaking English predicts high acculturative stress, as language preferences may also reveal the extent to which individuals may want to limit their relationship with their primary culture. The lowest levels of acculturative stress tend to occur for individuals who integrate, i.e., those who maintain positive relationships with both cultures.

The missing strategy is assimilation, which involves creating a positive relationship with the new culture, but failing to maintain a connection with the original culture.

Explanation​:
Choices A, B, and C each outline a different dimension than the one stated.

Choice A outlines power distance index.
Choice B outlines long-term vs short-term orientation.
Choice C outlines indulgence vs restraint.
Choice D is the only correct pairing.

Explanation​:

Chen found that participants primed with stimuli related to the American culture, were more likely to pay extra for the immediate shipping, while those primed with Singaporean culture were more likely to opt for the free shipping. Thus meaning, B is the correct statement.

Explanation​:
Choice A explains assimilation accurately, as defined in Berry's Acculturation Model.

Choices B, C, and D explain separation, marginalization, and integration, respectively.

Explanation​:

The cultural dimensions assume that all people within a country share the same values. In fact, there is a great deal of variation within a culture; on average, British and American cultures may be more individualistic than the Japanese collectivist culture. However, there may be some Americans who are more collective in their outlook, and there may be some Japanese who are more individualistic.

Explanation​:
Cultural dimensions allow us to describe and discuss differences across cultures (choice C). Because cultural dimensions were created by surveying workplaces in each country, a country’s scores represent the dominant professional culture and do not represent differences within that culture (choice B). Cultural dimensions may shift due to environmental changes, but a cultural dimension score does not give us any information about how it may have changed over time (choice D).

Choice A needs to be more specific to describe cultural dimensions comprehensively.

Explanation​:

When people can/do unconsciously change their behaviour, causing the schema to become true, it is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

A & B are ways in which stereotypes are formed in people. In contrast, D is an effect of stereotypes.

Explanation​:
Ecological fallacies are made when we take data gathered on a group and assume that each individual must embody those traits equally (choice A). For example, we would be committing an ecological fallacy if we assume that because someone is American, they must be highly individualistic.

While stereotypes do assume groups are homogenous and generalize traits, stereotypes do not need to be based on any empirical data at all (choice C)

Choice B explains population validity, and choice D explains ecological validity.

Explanation​:
Answer choice A involves long-term orientation, a cultural dimension. This answer relates a feature of culture to its effect on behavior and outlines the findings of Chen et al. (2005).

Choice B mentions an in-group, which is not synonymous with a cultural group. This outlines the findings of Abrams et al. (1990), a study on Social Identity Theory.

Choice C outlines how confirmation bias is related to the effect of stereotypes.

Choice D outlines one finding of Bandura (1961) and does not present an effect of culture on behavior.

Explanation​:

The negative acculturation effect refers to the diminishing difference between migrants and their native-born counterparts over time. It is the opposite of the healthy migrant effect (C), which suggests that recent migrants tend to be healthier than their native-born counterparts.

Option A represents separation, and B is for marginalisation.

Explanation​:
Choice A outlines acculturation, and choice B outlines Social Cognitive Theory. Enculturation is not a model itself, and it is not accurate to suggest that the end result is $\text{‘}$similarity$\text{’}$ to parents. This leaves choice B, which does accurately outline enculturation.

Explanation​:

The OCEAN model stands for openness, conscientiousness - extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

The model was developed by MCrae and John in 1992 with a purpose to measure and compare personalities.

Explanation​:

The idea that people only learn through reinforcement is not an assumption of the sociocultural approach.

Options A, B and C represent the assumptions of the sociocultural approach.

Explanation​:
Studies on culture and interpersonal relationships often rely on self-reporting questionnaires as $\text{‘}$happiness', $\text{‘}$cultural norms' and $\text{‘}$satisfaction' is subjective and cannot be accurately measured by a third party. It may also be that members of collectivistic cultures are less likely to share negative feelings regarding their marriage/relationships because of the fear of society.

Explanation​:

The gatekeeper theory is a psychology and communication theory related to who controls access to information and ideas in a social group. It is a group of people who decide/control what information has to be shared with the people.

Option A explains comparative studies, option B focuses on cultural transmission, and option C defines culture.

Explanation​:

Vertical collectivism is when group members merge with the ingroup and submit to an authority in that ingroup.

Option A focuses on social identity theory, C is horizontal individualism and D is horizontal collectivism.

Explanation​:
Vicarious reinforcement describes the ability to learn from observing the outcomes of others' behaviors - not just our own. In other words, if we see a behavior receive positive feedback or praise, we are more likely to imitate that behavior. If we watch someone receive a negative consequence or punishment for a behavior, we are less likely to imitate that behavior.

Option D is the only answer choice that demonstrates:

• A modeled behavior.
• A positive or negative consequence.
• A similar behavior demonstrated by the observer.

Option A does not reflect an applied good or bad consequence experienced by the teacher.

Options B and C describe direct reinforcement: the employee and the toddler received the consequences themselves.

Explanation​:
Enculturation takes place whether or not caregivers or parents being enculturated are explicitly aware of exactly what they are enculturating. For example, in Fagot (1978), parents believed that they were demonstrating gender-neutral behaviors with children during play, but researchers observed that there were differences in what behaviors were praised and discouraged according to the child’s gender.

Enculturation describes acquiring the norms and values of a first or primary culture (answer choices B and C). Acculturation is the term that describes adapting to additional, new cultural environments.

Enculturation can occur through models in media, or through direct instruction in settings like school. This means answer choice D also describes enculturation.