Explanation​:
The adolescent stage (12-18 years old) is the age when time spent with peers continues to increase. A clique is a group of people who interact with each other frequently and share similar interests. Membership in these groups helps the adolescent feel stable, and belongingness starts to develop.

Explanation​:
Correlational research is commonly used in developmental neuroscience to explore connections between variables without manipulating them. Ethical and practical considerations often limit experimental studies with human subjects, especially during critical developmental stages. Correlational studies provide insights into links between brain development, behaviour, and other factors, without directly interfering with subjects' lives.

Explanation​:
The type of play commonly seen during the preschool age (2-6 years old) is called pretend play. During the preschool age, children spend more time in groups. Pretend play usually involves running and chasing, which changes to match the characteristics of other children.

Examples of pretend play include using a car to fly like an aeroplane, or feeding the doll/soft toy with fake food.

Explanation​:
The capacity to adapt to stressful situations and bounce back from harmful effects of severe adversity is called resilience. A person can return to normal after suffering from a stressful situation/suffering.

Explanation​:
Imprinting is a rapid instinctive learning that occurs at a particular critical life period, copying the behaviour of the adult. It focuses on the aspect that attachment is based on a genetic programme.

It is generally found in research done on birds, chickens, goslings.

Explanation​:
The attachment behavioural system is based on the biological approach. In this system, certain behaviour is triggered by environmental cues. As soon as the person detects danger, the $\text{‘}$alarm' part of the attachment behavioural system is activated. In situations of fear/discomfort, the $\text{‘}$anxiety' part is triggered. According to Bowlby, the relationship between the child and the mother is a biological one for the child to survive, where this behaviour of forming an attachment comes to play.

Explanation​:
Schoon and Bartley (2008) identified maintaining academic competence, social settling like school & neighbourhood, and supportive family environment as sources of resilience.

Personality trait/trait of personality was seen as a reductionist belief which did not influence resilience independently.

Explanation​:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common consequence of experiencing trauma in childhood. This trauma can be in the form of psychological, emotional or physical trauma, where untreated symptoms can have a long-lasting impact on the adult life of the child.

Explanation​:
Neurogenesis $\to$ migration $\to$ differentiation $\to$ pruning is a four stage process that aid in the structural changes of the brain.

Neurogenesis is the production of new nerve cells, migration is the production of new cells and migration to their correct place, differentiation is the growth of neural connections, and pruning is the elimination of these connections that are no longer needed.

Explanation​:
Theory of mind is the ability to understand mental states such as beliefs and intentions of other individuals. It helps to guide our expectations from others and predict their behaviours.

The pre-school age (4 to 5 years) is when the development of the theory of mind is mainly observed. During this stage, children interact with others and develop a sense and understanding of the world and perspective beyond theirs.

Explanation​:
Aggressive behaviour is a behavioural outcome of poverty in adolescents. Experiencing poverty may influence internalizing and externalizing problems such as withdrawal from social settings and getting involved in aggressive behaviours.

Explanation​:
Social roles are expectations of one's and others' behaviours based on belonging to certain social groups. Social identity is related to social roles.

Roles that are voluntary, such as an individual's profession (doctor, scientist, sportsperson) or other roles that are forced upon a person/person does not have control over that (for example, a citizen of a particular country when born/the family that he/she is born into).

For example$\text{—}$if you hide a toy under a blanket, the child will have an understanding of removing the blanket and looking for the specific toy.

Explanation​:
A study done by Williams and Best (1982) focused on the concept of pancultural gender stereotype, which means a stereotype where specific adjectives are associated with specific genders.

Using the data collected from 25 countries, they found that men were generally viewed as active, strong, aggressive/dominating and achieving, and women were viewed as passive, weak, nurturing and agreeable.

Explanation​:
Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

Scaffolding is a student's ability to learn information with the help of an informed individual. It is a situation where an adult/more informed person is able to assist the child in completing an activity. This is an essential concept in the learning process, according to Vygotsky.

Explanation​:
Empathy and theory of mind help develop social interactions and social skills.

Empathy is the capacity to understand what another person is experiencing. Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to others

Explanation​:
The correct explanation of the family stress theory is that the deciding factors in the influence of economic deprivation on a child’s outcomes are the home environment, parent–child interaction and the amount of time spent with the child.

It focuses on the adverse effects of poverty on interpersonal relationships within the family and its influence on cognitive and social development.

Explanation​:
A structure-function relationship exists when changes in the brain structure coincide with changes in certain cognitive functions.

Examples include$\text{—}$behavioural changes in adults with brain lesions and evidence from brain areas after neuroimaging techniques responsible for performing some tasks.