1. A cylinder of fixed volume contains $n$ moles of an ideal gas at constant temperature. An additional $n$ moles of the same gas is forced into the cylinder via a one-way valve without changing the temperature. Which of the following best explains the final pressure in the cylinder?

2. A student constructed the series circuit below.

After closing the switch, which of the following is true about how the temperature of component A and current in the circuit will change with time?

3. Which of the following energy resources is non-renewable?

4. An area on the Earth's surface receives an average solar intensity of 250 Wm^−2. What is the minimum area of photovoltaic cells needed to generate 2 kW of electrical power if the photocells operate at 40% efficiency?

5. Two solid substances of equal mass are heated with the same power input. The graph below shows how the temperatures of the substances vary with time during heating.

Which of the following statements are correct?

• I.	Substance $A$ has a lower specific heat capacity than Substance $B$ when they are in the same physical state.
  II.	The specific heat capacity of each substance is lower in the solid state than the liquid state.
  III.	Substance $A$ has a lower specific latent heat of fusion than Substance $B$.

6. Which of the following average properties of the molecules inside piston containing an ideal gas piston stay constant when the piston expands at constant temperature?

• I.  Intermolecular potential energy.
• II.  Kinetic energy.
• III.  Frequency of collisions.

7. Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is the albedo of the planet?

8. A chemical reaction occurs inside a solid of mass $m$ and specific heat capacity $c$. The initial temperature of the solid is $50K$.

What is the minimum energy that the reaction must release to increase the temperature of the solid to 100$°C$?

9. A light bulb is lit by $1kJ$ of energy being transferred to the bulb by a potential difference of $200V$. This transfer happens over a time of 2 seconds.

What is the current passing through the bulb?

10. An immersion heater of constant power output is used to supply thermal energy to a cup of water at 373 $K$. The heater is turned on at time $t=0$. Which graph shows a possible variation of temperature $T$ of the water, with time t?

A.			B.
C.			D.

11. The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the solar intensity is 700 W m^−2?

12. The following three statements give possible reasons why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.

• I.	Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
  II.	Rotation of the earth
  III.	The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight

Which of the statements are correct?

13. The variation of terminal potential difference $V$ across an electric cell with current $I$ coming out of the cell is shown in the graph.

What are the values of the emf $ϵ$ and internal resistance $r$ of the electric cell used in this circuit?

14. A quantity of 2000 $kg$ Carbon Dioxide (CO2​) is maintained in a container tank. The molar mass of Carbon Dioxide (CO2​) is 44 g mol^−1. Determine the correct estimate of the number of Carbon Dioxide (CO2​) molecules in the container tank.

15. Consider the circuits below that are located side by side as shown. One of these circuits includes a thermistor, which decreases in resistance as it increases in temperature.

If the switch in the circuit on the left is closed, what will happen to the brightness of the lamp over time, and why?

16. Electrons are accelerated between two conducting plates that have a potential difference of $100V$. Estimate the total energy that would be delivered to 10^21 electrons by the conducting plates.

17. Which of the following real gases at atmospheric pressure would be least likely to approximate to an ideal gas?

18. Container 1 contains 128g of oxygen (32g mol^−1) and Container 2 contains 56 g of nitrogen (28gmol^−1). The graph shows how the pressure $P$ inside each container varies with volume V at constant temperature ($R$ is the molar gas constant).

Which line of the table gives the temperature inside the two containers?

19. Two ideal gases $A$ and $B$ of molar masses mA​>mB​ are initially at absolute temperatures TA​. The gases are mixed together. Which of the following is correct about the average random speeds vA​ and vB​ of the molecules of A and B before and after thermal equilibrium is attained?

20. Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resource?

21. If the current in the circuit below is 0.5 A, what is the potential difference $V$?

22. On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's surface is 300Wm^−2. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0$kW$ , assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

23. Under what conditions of density and pressure does the following graph represent how the volume of a real gas varies with temperature at constant pressure?

24. A circuit of a cell of electromotive force (emf) $18.0V$ and negligible internal resistance connected to three resistors of resistance $6.0\Omega$

The ammeter is ideal. What is the reading of the ammeter?

25. An ideal gas is enclosed in a container of fixed volume. When the temperature of the gas is 27oC, its pressure is $p$. Calculate the pressure in the gas when it is heated to 54oC.