Explanation​:
Increasing atomic radius results in a weaker electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electrons in the covalent bond. An increased number of shells down the group increases the shielding between the nucleus and electrons in the covalent bond.

Explanation:​
The attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond depends on electronegativity. Carbon has the lowest electronegativity value of the given elements across period 2, it has the lowest effective nuclear charge (least number of protons attracting valence electrons in energy level 2). Increasing electronegativity across a period from left to right.

Explanation:​
The oxidation state of X in choices A, B, and C is +3. The oxidation state of X in choice D is +6.

Explanation:​

Metalloids lie on the boundary between metals and non-metals in the p block of the periodic table. They are shiny like metals but brittle like non-metals, and can switch between being electrical insulators and electrical conductors. Although this switchable conductivity could be considered as a change from metal-like to non-metal-like behaviour, it does not affect all properties of the element: the element does not switch from being a metal to a non-metal.

Metalloids do not contain incomplete d subshells (this is a property of transition metals) and lie alongside the poor metals in the p block of the periodic table. This question is categorised as moderately difficult as the concept of metalloids is not covered extensively in the syllabus, though the distinction between metals, non-metals and metalloids is highlighted.

Explanation:​
Choices III and IV are ethene and ethyne with a double bond and a triple bond, respectively. They belong to the classes of alkenes and alkynes, which can be deduced by the general formulae, CnH2n​ and CnH2n−2 .
Choice I is the alkane methane, and choice II is a halogenoalkane (chloromethane).

Explanation:​
C3H6​ belongs to the alkene class with the general formula CnH2n​, and has a three carbon chain.

Explanation​:
Statement II is incorrect as acids produce solutions with $\mathrm{pH}$ lower than 7.

Explanation:​
The air is naturally composed of 0.04% carbon dioxide, which dissolves in water to form the weak carbonic acid

Explanation​:
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Methoxyethane and propanol both have the molecular formula C3H8O.

Explanation:​
The sum of the oxidation state of all atoms in a compound is 0 and in an ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
O in the above molecules have an oxidation state of -2.
Group I elements have an oxidation state of +1.
In choices A, B, and C, the oxidation states of Cr on both sides are +6.
In choice D, the oxidation state of Cr changes from +6 to +3.

Explanation:​

The names of the labelled groups are covered explicitly in the syllabus.

Explanation:​
Across the same period, metals have lower ionization energies than non-metals due to lower nuclear charges with the same number of shells (shielding effect).

Explanation​:
Amides have a C=O and C−N on the same central carbon atom.

Explanation​:
The molecular formula of pentan-2-one is C5H10O

There are 5 C atoms and 10 H atoms, so the combustion produces 5115​ = 5 moles of CO2​ and 102210​ = 5 moles of H2O per mole of pentan-2-one. The value of b is therefore 5.0.

There are $15$ O atoms on the right-hand side of the equation but only 1 O atom in petan-2-one, so the compound must react with (15−1)/2​ = 7 moles of O2​. The value of a is therefore 7.0.

Explanation​:
Saturated compounds contain only single bonds.
Butyne is an alkyne, and so, has a triple bond.

Explanation:​
Atomic radius and metallic character decrease across a period. Ionization energy decreases down a group due to increased shielding.

Explanation:​
Acid rain is formed from sulfur and nitrogen oxides dissolving in the clouds.

Explanation​:
The two compounds are part of a homologous series because they have the same functional group but different hydrocarbon chains. Both compounds are alcohols, so interact via hydrogen bonding.
The CH2​ and CH3 groups of the alkyl chains, however, interact via weaker dispersion forces, as they contain only non-polar bonds. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain does not affect the strength of hydrogen bonding, but the strength of the dispersion forces is increased. More heat energy is needed to separate molecules of Y, so the boiling point is higher.

Explanation:​
Group 2 metal oxides produce alkaline metallic hydroxides when dissolved in water.

Explanation​:
NH2​ is the amine functional group, RCOOR′ is the ester functional group.

Explanation:​
In HBrO, the oxidation states of both H and Br are +1.

Explanation:​

The atomic number of Cr is higher than that of V by 1, and its relative atomic mass is also higher by approximately 1. The atomic number is unique for each element and dictates the position of the element in the periodic table; thus, Cr always has an atomic number of 24 and vanadium an atomic number of 23. However, isotopes of an element may have different atomic masses, so an atom of Cr may have a lower atomic mass than an atom of V. This question is categorised as easy since the difference between atomic number and atomic mass and the variation in mass between isotopes of an element are covered extensively in the syllabus.

Explanation:
Ethers contain C−O single bonds $\text{not}$ the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$ carbonyl group.

Explanation:​
First ionization energy is defined as the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole gaseous atoms.