Explanation:
The graph shows an overall positive correlation, as maternal age increases, the incidence of non-disjunction increases (Choice A). Choice B is incorrect because there is a positive correlation not a negative correlation. Choice C is incorrect because there is a correlation. Choice D is incorrect because non-disjunction does occur below 35 years, but the incidence is lower when compared to above 35 years.

Explanation:
Choice D is correct because transpiration is the loss of water from the stomata of a plant, it is not a stage of plant reproduction. Choices A, C and D are incorrect because pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal are all stages of plant reproduction.

Explanation:
When the environmental temperature drops, your body responds by trying to conserve heat. Reducing sweat production means there is less sweat to evaporate from the skin's surface, so less heat is lost. Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels reduces the volume of blood reaching the surface of the heat, so less heat is lost by radiation. Contraction of the erector pili muscles makes the hairs of the skin stand up, trapping an insulating layer of air next to the skin, again reducing heat loss by radiation and also by convection. Choice B is, therefore, the correct answer.

Choices A, C and D are incorrect as they have one or more factors wrong.

Explanation:
Choice C is correct because meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, mitosis maintains the diploid number and fertilisation restores the diploid number.

Choice A is incorrect because meiosis separates pairs of alleles and produces nuclei with one allele for each gene.

Choice B is incorrect because mitosis produces genetically identical cells that have two alleles for each gene.

Choice D is incorrect because, in fertilisation, two gametes fuse, and each gamete has one allele for each gene.

Explanation:
Choice D is correct because food is stored in the cotyledon(s). Choice A is incorrect because the function of the radicle is to develop into the root of the seedling. Choice B is incorrect because the function of the plumule is to develop into the shoot of the seedling. Choice C is incorrect because the testa is the outer covering of the seed.

Explanation:
The solution used to bathe organs to be used in a transplant should have an osmolarity equal to that of the organ to be transplanted and so the solution is isotonic compared to the organ’s tissues.

A solution with an osmolarity higher than that of the organ to be transplanted (Choice A) would cause tissue cells to shrivel, while a solution with an osmolarity lower than that of the organ to be transplanted (Choice B) would cause organ cells to burst. There are no described protocols that indicate that the solution should be mixed with cells from the organ to be transplanted (Choice D).

Explanation:
A greenhouse gas is a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases absorb the long wave infrared radiation (heat energy) emitted from Earth’s surface and can reradiate it back to Earth’s surface. So, one factor that determines whether a gas acts as a greenhouse gas is its ability to absorb long wave radiation: gases that are better able to absorb long wave radiation are more likely to act as greenhouse gases. A second factor that qualifies carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas of concern is its relatively high concentration in the atmosphere: gases that are in higher concentration in the atmosphere have a larger effect on Earth’s temperature.

Explanation:
Down syndrome is not caused by a trisomy of sex chromosomes (choice B). The other statements are correct. Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21 (choice A). It is caused by a trisomy of autosomes (choice C) because chromosome 21 is an autosome. Down syndrome is caused by an incorrect number of chromosomes (choice D).

Explanation:
Choice B is correct because there are pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up on the equator, and each chromosome is attached to only one pole. Choice A is incorrect because in metaphase II, chromosomes are not in homologous pairs. Each chromosome, composed of sister chromatids, is attached to both poles. Choice C is incorrect because in anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are separated, and one chromosome from each pair is pulled to one pole. Choice D is incorrect because in telophase I, there are two sets of chromosomes that are already separated.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because in both selective breeding and natural selection, favourable characteristics are “selected”, by either the environment (natural selection) or humans (selective breeding). Choice B is incorrect because natural selection doesn’t increase variation, it influences the proportion of existing variants. Choices C and D are incorrect because natural selection is not controlled by humans and does not contribute to the domestication of animals.

Explanation:
Statement I (Choices A and D) is incorrect as learned behaviours are changes that occur during a lifetime, and so do not affect the genetic code and cannot be passed on. Statement III (Choices C and D) is incorrect as natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

Explanation:
Sexual reproduction results in variation as it is the fusion of genetically distinct gametes from two genetically different individuals. Mutation results in variation as it produces new alleles. Meiosis results in variation as it produces new combinations of alleles. Choice C is correct.

Choices A, B and D are incorrect as they all include either mitosis, asexual reproduction or binary fission, which all produce genetically identical cells.

Explanation:
Statement III is not true, as homologous chromosomes often have different alleles (forms of genes), so are generally not identical to each other.

Statements I and II are true, as homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have their centromeres and genes at the same positions. Therefore, Choice C is correct.

Explanation:
Choice A, B, and D – These statements are true.

Choice C -This statement is false. In eukaryotic cells, translation takes place in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.

Explanation:
Choice C is correct because the transfer of seeds away from the parent plant is dispersal. Choice A is incorrect because the fusion of a male and female gamete is fertilization. Choice B is incorrect because the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is pollination. Choice D is incorrect because pollen transfer involves the movement of pollen, not seeds.

Explanation:
Choice C is correct, as the 9th nucleotide in the sequence (C) has been deleted from the original sequence.

Choice A is incorrect as it is the exact same sequence as the original sequence. Choice B is incorrect as it represents an insertion mutation, an adenine has been inserted in the 7th position. Choice D is incorrect as it represents a base substitution mutation, as G has replaced a T in the 14th position.

Explanation:
Crossing over (Choice A), random orientation (Choice C) and separation of homologous chromosomes (Choice D) all occur during meiosis. The formation of two identical cells (Choice B) happens in mitosis, not meiosis.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because if the heart were placed in a hypotonic solution (as opposed to isotonic) water would diffuse into the cardiac muscles.

Choice B is incorrect because there would be no net movement into the tissues of the heart in an isotonic solution, not a hypotonic or hypertonic solution. Choice C is incorrect because even if it is placed in a solution other than an isotonic solution, it cannot dry out as it is still bathed in a watery solution. Choice D is incorrect as the tonicity of the solution the heart is stored in has no effect on whether the recipient’s immune system identifies the heart as foreign which would lead to rejection of the heart by the immune system.

Explanation:
Choice D is correct because low blood glucose concentration is detected by the alpha cells in the pancreas and they respond by releasing glucagon. Choice A is incorrect because high blood concentration does not cause the secretion of glucagon and it is not secreted by beta cells. Choice B is incorrect because high blood concentration does not cause the secretion of glucagon, it causes the release of insulin. Choice C is incorrect because glucagon is not secreted by beta cells.

Explanation:
PCR is used to amplify samples of DNA so they can be used for analysis.

PCR replicates DNA but does not show that replication is semi-conservative (Choice A).

PCR does not determine the base sequence of DNA. It produces copies of short sections of DNA that can then be further analyzed (Choice B).

Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in PCR but no Taq DNA is incorporated. (Choice D).

Explanation:
Mitosis forms two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of diploid chromosomes as the parent cell.

18 (Choice B) is incorrect as it is the haploid number of chromosomes. 72 (Choice C) is incorrect as it is twice the diploid number of chromosomes. 9 (Choice D) is incorrect as it is a quarter of the diploid number and an odd number.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because pollen is produced by the anther and the ovum (plural: ova) is produced by the ovule, found inside the ovary. Choice B is incorrect because the stigma is where pollen lands. Choice C is incorrect because the filament supports the anther and does not produce pollen. Choice D is incorrect because the filament supports the anther and the style is the part of the flower that the pollen passes through.

Explanation:
Facilitated diffusion and osmosis are both passive means of transport and therefore do not require energy.

Active transport (Choice A) requires energy expenditure. Facilitated diffusion is a passive form of transport but active transport requires energy (Choice B). Facilitated diffusion (Choice D) does not require energy expenditure but this answer choice does not include osmosis.

Explanation:
Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which the body responds to a change in order to return the homeostatic variable back to within its set points. For example, if blood pH increases above the set point, negative feedback mechanisms will occur to bring blood pH back down. Statement I is therefore true and Statement II is therefore false. Choices B and D are not correct.

While the nervous system plays a significant role in many feedback mechanisms, it is not the only system involved. The endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream also plays a crucial role in feedback control. Statement III is therefore false, meaning Choice B is incorrect, and Choice A is the correct response to the question.

Explanation:
Protein pumps are membrane proteins that carry out active transport. They require the energy to pump molecules up their concentration gradient.

Protein channels (Choice A), protein carriers (Choice C), and aquaporins (Choice D) all conduct passive transport.