Explanation​:
System 2 thinking involves deliberate, analytical, and effortful mental processes that are slower and more conscious than the quick, automatic, and effortless processes of System 1 thinking. It requires concentration and mental energy to engage in System 2 thinking, which is often used for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.

Explanation​:

Flashbulb memories are defined as extremely vivid, detailed recollections of a surprising and emotional event. The event must exceed the critical level of surprise to be categorised as a flashbulb memory. There is also a level of personal significance that one attaches to the event.

Explanation​:
The correct answer is C. Sensory memory usually lasts a fraction of a second. If we ignore a piece of sensory information, we will not notice it; therefore, we will not be able to remember it. When we pay attention to specific environmental stimuli, they are processed by our sensory memory and transferred to our short-term memory. Attention is essential in the transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory. Once information is in our short-term memory, we can rehearse and store it in our long-term memory for future retrieval.

Explanation​:
Schemas play a significant role in decision-making processes. They help individuals quickly process information and make judgments based on their pre-existing knowledge and expectations.

The other choices are not directly linked to schemas.

Explanation​:
A, B, and D are incorrect because working memory is essentially a specific version of short-term memory.

Explanation​:

The dual-processing model is a cognitive model which explains system 1 and system 2 thinking.

Option B and C are theories from the sociocultural approach, and option D is from the biological approach.

Explanation​:

The statement ‘behaviour is the product of physiology’ is not a principle of cognitive approach. It is a principle of the biological approach.

Options A, B and C are all principles of the cognitive approach.

Explanation​:
Choice B is the accurate response because Tversky and Kahneman focused on the limits of rational thinking. Their investigation of intuitive judgments eventually led to identifying different cognitive biases explaining why people may not always make rational decisions.

Tversky and Kahneman focused on something other than working memory, their findings' links to behavioural economics were accidental, and the dual-process model of thinking and decision-making was initially credited to Stanovich and West (2000).

Explanation​:
The Dual Process Model distinguishes between automatic and controlled thinking styles, known as intuitive and rational thinking. The ideas of rational and intuitive thinking were developed by Daniel Kahneman, along with his research partner Amos Tversky (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974).

They explored the distinction between these two modes of thinking and their implications for decision-making and judgment under uncertainty. Their groundbreaking work laid the foundation for understanding the cognitive processes involved in rational and intuitive thinking.

Explanation​:
System 1 thinking, also known as intuitive thinking, is fast, automatic, effortless, associative, implicit, and emotionally charged. For example, automatically swerving to avoid an obstacle while driving.

Explanation​:
Choice C is the correct option. It is believed that if memory encoding is constructive, then logically, memory recall must be reconstructive.

It is not a passive process automatically recording events but an active process influeced by existing beliefs and schemas.

Therefore, options A, B, and D are not accurate.

Elizabeth Loftus and other scholars have extensively researched and documented the reconstructive quality of memory.

Explanation​:

Experiments are an appropriate research method to study cognition and technology as they allow researchers to control the variables, enabling them to see the effect of the IV on the DV, thereby making the study reliable (can be repeated) and valid ( establish accuracy of the results).

B is incorrect, as field experiments do not allow for the control of extraneous variables, reducing the validity of the results.

A and D are qualitative research methods and would not help to establish a cause-and-effect relationship

Explanation​:
The improved memory recall results from the availability of external information sources. The Google Effect, also referred to as digital or internet memory and often linked to transactive memory, characterizes the phenomenon where individuals rely on external devices, such as search engines, to access information, leading to an enhanced ability to recall information readily found online.

The Google Effect has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it allows for quick access to vast information, which can benefit learning and problem-solving. On the other hand, it may lead to reduced motivation to learn and retain information, as people know they can easily access it online, potentially compromising their ability to understand and critically evaluate the information they encounter deeply.

Explanation​:
The misinformation effect is when a person's memory of an event is influenced by misleading information provided after the event. Loftus and Palmer's (1974) research demonstrated that leading questions containing false information could distort participants' memory of a car accident. This effect highlights the malleability and reconstructive nature of memory.

Explanation​:

A flashbulb memory is a vivid and detailed memory of an emotionally significant event, often accompanied by a strong sense of clarity and accuracy. It is also called a snapshot of a particular moment/memory.