Explanation​:
Twin studies are small in sample size and rare due to the uniqueness of their target group. It becomes difficult to collect samples depending on the aim of the research. Twin studies are on monozygotic or dizygotic twins or both. This results in issues with the replication of similar studies.

Options A, B and C are strengths of twin studies.

Explanation​:
Phenotype is the set of traits that manifest in an individual's body, appearance, or behaviour. The set of traits as coded in an individual's DNA is called a genotype.

Phenotype comprises observable characteristics (eye colour, height) and unobservable characteristics (blood type, immune system). Genotype is the plan, and phenotype is the implementation of the plan.

Explanation​:

Answer C is correct because the study mainly focused on the heritability of intelligence and the influence of upbringing.

Answers A, B, and D are incorrect because the study did not specifically focus on birth order, cultural factors, or physical health outcomes.

Explanation​:

The evolutionary approach, using Charles Darwin’s concepts of evolution and adaptation, suggests that our ability to adapt to new situations and environments directly results from evolution.

Answer A is incorrect because humanistic psychology emphasises achieving a person’s holistic growth in terms of love, fulfilment, and self-worth.

Answer B is incorrect because the Freudian concept of psychoanalytic psychology emphasises the influence of the unconscious and childhood experiences on behaviour and personality.

Answer D is incorrect because the biopsychosocial perspective suggests that physical and mental health is affected by biology, psychology, and social stressors.

Explanation​:

Answer A is correct. The behaviour the dogs exhibited after being repeatedly shocked showed they stopped trying to escape due to the shocks, thereby learning that they were helpless in that particular situation.

Explanation​:

Choice A is incorrect because the researchers did the study with a clear and scientific purpose.

Choice B Is correct because the physical wellbeing of the monkeys was not taken into consideration, and thus resulted in harm and death to the animals.

Choice C is incorrect because the text does not make mention of the monkeys being acquired illegally or against regulation.

Choice D is incorrect because the study did not use the monkeys in a classroom or educational setting.

Explanation​:

Answer A is incorrect because nonhuman animals can still be used for research and experimentation.

Answer B is incorrect because the experimenter and researcher need to have the appropriate licensure.

Answer C is incorrect because nonhuman animals can be used in a variety of settings and research methodologies.

Answer D is correct because all experimentation and research must comply with APA guidelines for ethical animal research.

Explanation​:
Broca's aphasia is characterized by a loss of articulated speech and a lack of understanding of grammatical structure. A person suffering from Broca's aphasia faces difficulty forming complete sentences and tends to repeat specific words while speaking. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in this kind of aphasia. The earliest discovery in this field was made by Paul Broca in the year 1861.

Explanation​:

A, B and D are functions of the MRI and fMRI.

The difference between the MRI and fMRI is C, the ability to produce a video representation of brain activity over time, which a normal MRI cannot do.

MRI scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images.

Explanation​:
The amygdala is responsible for directing automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli. It also plays a crucial role in linking sensory inputs with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the amygdala, together with the hippocampus, are both involved in emotion and cognition as they are central to processing emotion in relation to cognitive processes such as memory.

Explanation​:
Antagonists counteract neurotransmitters and prevent a signal from being passed further. It decreases the activation of a synaptic receptor by blocking the neurotransmitters from binding/bonding. An example of an antagonist is scopolamine, which affects the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh).

Explanation​:
The American Psychological Association (APA) documented the ethics of conducting animal research. Some of those include laboratory animals must be given humane care during and post experimentation, animal research proposals must be submitted to the Ethics Committee before the research, Animals reared in the laboratory must not be released into the wild as they may not be in a condition to protect themselves from other animals.

Explanation​:
Leptin is a hormone that travels from the fat cells to the brain indicating that enough food has been consumed and energy burning can happen at a normal rate.

When an individual is suffering from obesity, their bodies become resistant and no longer receive the message that their body has had enough food.

Explanation​:
Cortical remapping, or cortical reorganization, is the ability of one part of the brain area to assume the functions of another part of the brain in case of an injury.

Cortical remapping is explained in the research by Merzenich et al. (1984) on eight adult owl monkeys. The middle finger of the monkey was amputated, and remapping was observed in 62 days. Adjacent areas from other fingers spread and occupied the parts of the unused area / amputated area.

Explanation​:

Stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol released after an event activates the amygdala often linked to the formation of flashbulb memories.

Choices B, C and A are hormones but are not related to the amygdala.

Explanation​:
Cushing's syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when the body is exposed to high cortisol levels for an extended period. This can be because the body is making too much cortisol or because of oral corticosteroid medicines.

Cushing's syndrome symptoms can include feeling emotional and tired, a rounded face, high blood pressure, and excess weight around the shoulders and neck.

Explanation​:

In neurological diseases, axons can regenerate or sprout in an attempt to reconnect with the target neuron and restore synapse function.

A is for synaptic plasticity, C is for synaptic pruning and D is about cortical remapping

Explanation​:

The modern theory of evolution is based on the following premise:

• organisms are driven by the need to survive and reproduce
• organisms having different traits are adapted to their environment to varying degrees, or what is called differential fitness
• organisms that adapt well to environmental changes have a higher chance of survival

Explanation​:
De Dreu et al. (2010) have discovered that oxytocin, also called the love hormone, can lead humans to sacrifice themselves for the sake of their in-group members. Individuals were likely to self-sacrifice for the benefit of their in-group in a competition against the out-group.

The results showed that oxytocin was linked to in-group trust and cooperation, and aggression towards the members of the out-group.

De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Handgraaf, M. J. J., Shalvi, S., Van Kleef, G. A., Baas, M., Velden, F. S. T., Van Dijk, E., & Feith, S. W. W. (2010). The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans. Science, 328(5984), 1408-1411. https<nolink>://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189047

Explanation​:

An action potential, also called a nerve impulse, is an electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It can be generated when chemical signals change a neuron’s membrane potential from a nearby cell. A, neurotransmission is the transfer of information between neurons. B, synaptic reuptake refers to the reabsorption of neurotransmitter molecules by the presynaptic neuron that released them and C, a receptor site, is the space on the cell that houses the receptor.

Explanation​:

The biological approach in understanding human behaviour emphasises the role of genetics and other physiological factors in influencing personality and behaviour. Answers A, B, and C do not have this emphasis.

Explanation​:
The limbic system is an older subcortical structure of the brain. It is commonly called the “emotional brain” and includes several parts like the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. It is located on both sides of the thalamus, beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

It supports various functions such as emotion, behaviour and long-term memory.

Explanation​:
The nervous system comprises neurons consisting of soma, dendrites, and axons. A synapse or synaptic gap is the space between two neurons. An action potential is a process in which one neuron sends a message to the other neurons through an axon. An action potential is an all-or-none phenomenon. When it reaches the end of the axon, a neurotransmitter is released in the synaptic gap from the axon terminals.