Explanation:
I.  Chemical energy in fossil fuel is transformed into thermal energy by burning and thermal energy is used to move (kinetic energy) steam that rotates the turbine and generator (also kinetic energy). Finally, electric energy is produced in generators.

II.  The kinetic energy of wind rotates the blades (kinetic energy) and rotates the generator. Finally, electric energy is produced in a generators.

III.  The gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam converts into kinetic energy as water falls down and rotates the turbine and generator. Finally, electric energy is produced in generators.

Explanation:
373$K$ is the boiling point of water. Temperature does not change until all water is boiled. B and C show temperature change at $t=0$. D is not compatible with the question. You might have seen graphs that resemble options B and D in this context, they are there to distract you.

Explanation:
Gas pressure is caused by the particles colliding with the walls, applying a force to them. It is related to the rate of particle-wall collisions per unit surface area of the container per unit time.

A is incorrect because with an increased number of particles more particle-wall collisions will occur and that will lead to a greater rate of collision per unit surface area of cylinder per unit time since there will be no change in the speed of the particles.

B is incorrect because actually the additional particles bring in more kinetic energy so the existing kinetic energy is not being distributed over a larger number of particles. Additionally, since the temperature is being kept constant, the average kinetic energy is constant.

C is correct because there are now more particles in the same volume, the rate of collision per unit surface area of the cylinder per unit time will increase.

D is incorrect because there is no change in the average speed of the particles due to the temperature remaining the same. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles, and the particle kinetic energy depends on the speed of the particles.

Explanation:

The kinetic model of ideal gases assumes that intermolecular forces (and therefore intermolecular potential energy) are negligible, and that the mean kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to gas temperature; hence, Properties I and II stay constant during the expansion. Conversely, Property III changes because gas pressure decreases during the expansion, and pressure scales with the frequency of molecular collisions with the walls of the piston.

Explanation:

Solar constant (S) is the intensity of sun light at the orbit of the planet. For Earth, at a distance of 1AU from the sun, it is 1.36×10^3 W m^−2

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source: I∝1/d^2

$\therefore$ Intensity at a distance 30 times as far will be 30^2 (=900) times weaker.

SNeptune=1360/900=1.5 W m^−2

Explanation:

• A. All electrical components are resistors to some extent. Even the best conductors will take up some amount of energy as electricity flows through them.
• B. While all materials are conducting given the appropriate voltage, at voltages as low as those shown on the graph, no current would flow if the material was not a good conductor of electricity.
• C. According to the graph, the ratio $V$/$I$ is not constant. By definition, that indicates a non-ohmic resistor. C is the correct answer.
• D. The voltage-current graph of an ohmic resistor is a straight line whose gradient represents a constant resistance.

Explanation:
Average kinetic energy increases as the temperature increases and stays constant during the vapourisation process. Moreover, average kinetic energy is zero at absolute zero (−273oC) temperature, which is not the case for water (0−100oC)

The change of state will occur at the same temperature as the original graph but take less time to complete.

Explanation:
Statement I is correct. The scattering of sunlight returns part of the sunlight back to space, reducing intensity on the ground.

Statement II is correct. The rotation of earth causes day and night, reducing the time the solar panel is exposed to sunlight and also changing the incident angle of sunlight on the panel.

Statement III is correct. The intensity on the solar panel is maximum when its surface is perpendicular to incident sunlight, but due to the seasons, the time of day and the installation angle of the panel the sunlight will not be normally incident on the panel.

Thus, D is the answer.

Explanation:

Uranium-235 is a rare radioactive isotope on Earth, extracted from uranium ores. The available uranium is limited and will be depleted in time. Biomass will replenish in a human lifetime, so is considered renewable.

Explanation:
The average kinetic energy doubles which means that the temperature doubles. To maintain constant pressure, volume would have to double.

Since the number of molecules also doubles, volume would have to double again to maintain constant pressure.

Thus the volume must get 4 times larger from pV=nRT

Explanation:
Due to the fixed volume, the separation between the gas molecules decreases. According to the ideal gas law, the pressure of the gas will increase and so does the collision frequency. The mass of the container will also be greater with the addition of more gas in the container. The only constant quantity is the average size of the molecules. It is dependent on molecular structure only. Therefore the answer is C.

Explanation:
The question gives $T$ in celsius. In kelvin, the temperature would be T+273.

Using the equation PV=nRT, we get number of moles = PV/RT. Since $M$ represents the number of moles, it will substitute into the equation for $n$ and $(T+273)$ will substitute as temperature in the equation giving

M=PV/R(T+273) which is answer A

Explanation:

Ice has half the specific heat capacity of liquid water and the rate of energy loss is constant. Therefore, after freezing the temperature of the system decreases at twice the rate compared to when cooling in the liquid state.