Explanation:

From the circuit symbols in the data booklet, component A is a heating element.

When current flows in the circuit, the heating element will increase in temperature and the resistance will increase. This will increase the total resistance of the circuit and result in a decrease in the current due to the relationship I=V/R.

Explanation:

Once the switch is closed, the heating element in the circuit on the left  increases in temperature.

This increase affects the thermistor by decreasing its resistance. As a result the current in the circuit on the right increases, causing the lamp's brightness to increase.

Explanation:

Ice has half the specific heat capacity of liquid water and the rate of energy loss is constant. Therefore, after freezing the temperature of the system decreases at twice the rate compared to when cooling in the liquid state.

Explanation:

The kinetic model of ideal gases assumes that intermolecular forces (and therefore intermolecular potential energy) are negligible, and that the mean kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to gas temperature; hence, Properties I and II stay constant during the expansion. Conversely, Property III changes because gas pressure decreases during the expansion, and pressure scales with the frequency of molecular collisions with the walls of the piston.

Explanation:
Statement I is correct. The scattering of sunlight returns part of the sunlight back to space, reducing intensity on the ground.

Statement II is correct. The rotation of earth causes day and night, reducing the time the solar panel is exposed to sunlight and also changing the incident angle of sunlight on the panel.

Statement III is correct. The intensity on the solar panel is maximum when its surface is perpendicular to incident sunlight, but due to the seasons, the time of day and the installation angle of the panel the sunlight will not be normally incident on the panel.

Thus, D is the answer.

Explanation:
E=mcΔTE=Pt

Pt=mcΔT

ΔT=Pt/mc

Doubling energy transfer rate will double the temperature rise. Halving the mass will also double the temperature rise. The change in temperature will be 4 times larger than the initial case, which is 40oC. This

gives the final temperature as 60oC.

Explanation:

60$J$ per second gives power, P=60W

$A$ therefore the answer is A.

I. Incorrect: As the heater heats both the water and the container, the container itself gains energy to increase temperature. Greater specific heat capacity means more energy is required to result in the same temperature change. So, for the glass container less energy is needed to reach 100oC which will take less time.

II. Correct: When there is isolation for the container there is less heat lost to the surroundings, resulting in higher efficiency. So the boiling finishes earlier.

III. Correct: As the amount of water increases more energy is required to result in same temperature change.

Explanation:
Average kinetic energy increases as the temperature increases and stays constant during the vapourisation process. Moreover, average kinetic energy is zero at absolute zero (−273oC) temperature, which is not the case for water (0−100oC)

Explanation:
Using V=W/q from the data booklet, we find that the charge q passing through the bulb in 2 seconds equals W/V=1000 J/200 V=5C.

Since I=Δq/Δt, the current in the bulb is 5C/2 s=2.5 A

Explanation:
The average kinetic energy doubles which means that the temperature doubles. To maintain constant pressure, volume would have to double.

Since the number of molecules also doubles, volume would have to double again to maintain constant pressure.

Thus the volume must get 4 times larger from pV=nRT

Explanation:

Ideal gases have no intermolecular forces between the particles, and therefore all of their internal energy consists of kinetic energy. There is no intermolecular potential energy. In both cases, the described changes will not affect the potential energy, as the potential energy is always equal to zero.

Explanation:
Due to the fixed volume, the separation between the gas molecules decreases. According to the ideal gas law, the pressure of the gas will increase and so does the collision frequency. The mass of the container will also be greater with the addition of more gas in the container. The only constant quantity is the average size of the molecules. It is dependent on molecular structure only. Therefore the answer is C.

Explanation:
Gas pressure is caused by the particles colliding with the walls, applying a force to them. It is related to the rate of particle-wall collisions per unit surface area of the container per unit time.

A is incorrect because with an increased number of particles more particle-wall collisions will occur and that will lead to a greater rate of collision per unit surface area of cylinder per unit time since there will be no change in the speed of the particles.

B is incorrect because actually the additional particles bring in more kinetic energy so the existing kinetic energy is not being distributed over a larger number of particles. Additionally, since the temperature is being kept constant, the average kinetic energy is constant.

C is correct because there are now more particles in the same volume, the rate of collision per unit surface area of the cylinder per unit time will increase.

D is incorrect because there is no change in the average speed of the particles due to the temperature remaining the same. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles, and the particle kinetic energy depends on the speed of the particles.

Explanation:

Uranium-235 is a rare radioactive isotope on Earth, extracted from uranium ores. The available uranium is limited and will be depleted in time. Biomass will replenish in a human lifetime, so is considered renewable.

Explanation:

• A. All electrical components are resistors to some extent. Even the best conductors will take up some amount of energy as electricity flows through them.
• B. While all materials are conducting given the appropriate voltage, at voltages as low as those shown on the graph, no current would flow if the material was not a good conductor of electricity.
• C. According to the graph, the ratio $V$/$I$ is not constant. By definition, that indicates a non-ohmic resistor. C is the correct answer.
• D. The voltage-current graph of an ohmic resistor is a straight line whose gradient represents a constant resistance.

Explanation:
Non-renewable sources are sources where the rate of replenishment is much longer than a human lifespan. Examples include nuclear, coal, oil, and natural gas. Therefore, the answer is A.