Explanation​:
Non-renewable sources are sources where the rate of replenishment is much longer than a human lifespan. Examples include nuclear, coal, oil, and natural gas. Therefore, the answer is A.

Explanation​:
Gas pressure is caused by the particles colliding with the walls, applying a force to them. It is related to the rate of particle-wall collisions per unit surface area of the container per unit time.

A is incorrect because with an increased number of particles more particle-wall collisions will occur and that will lead to a greater rate of collision per unit surface area of cylinder per unit time since there will be no change in the speed of the particles.

B is incorrect because actually the additional particles bring in more kinetic energy so the existing kinetic energy is not being distributed over a larger number of particles. Additionally, since the temperature is being kept constant, the average kinetic energy is constant.

C is correct because there are now more particles in the same volume, the rate of collision per unit surface area of the cylinder per unit time will increase.

D is incorrect because there is no change in the average speed of the particles due to the temperature remaining the same. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles, and the particle kinetic energy depends on the speed of the particles.

Explanation​:
In an ideal gas system, it is assumed that molecules have negligible size and that there are no intermolecular forces. System A most resembles an ideal gas because it satisfies these criteria.

Whilst Systems B and C both contain molecules of significant size with strong intermolecular forces, System B is most likely to exhibit non-ideal gas characteristics due to the relatively high gas pressure, which corresponds to greater proximity between the molecules: a decreased intermolecular distance yields increased intermolecular forces, as well as enhancing the influence of non-negligible molecular size (the total molecular volume constitutes a greater percentage of the container volume).

Explanation​:

From the circuit symbols in the data booklet, component A is a heating element.

When current flows in the circuit, the heating element will increase in temperature and the resistance will increase. This will increase the total resistance of the circuit and result in a decrease in the current due to the relationship I=V/R​.

Explanation​:

Solar constant (S) is the intensity of sun light at the orbit of the planet. For Earth, at a distance of 1AU from the sun, it is 1.36×10^3 W m^−2

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source: I∝1/d^2

$\therefore$ Intensity at a distance 30 times as far will be 30^2 (=900) times weaker.

SNeptune=1360/900=1.5 W m^−2

Explanation​:

The net change in the internal energy of a cyclic process is zero because it returns to its original temperature after each cycle. This means that statement I is correct.

The total change in entropy is zero for any reversible cycle. This means that statement II is correct as the gas returns to its original state each cycle.

The graph is for a heat engine, which takes in heat and does work on the environment. Therefore statement III is incorrect. A clockwise cycle always does net positive work on the environment.

Explanation​:
Due to the fixed volume, the separation between the gas molecules decreases. According to the ideal gas law, the pressure of the gas will increase and so does the collision frequency. The mass of the container will also be greater with the addition of more gas in the container. The only constant quantity is the average size of the molecules. It is dependent on molecular structure only. Therefore the answer is C.

Explanation​:

Ideal gases have no intermolecular forces between the particles, and therefore all of their internal energy consists of kinetic energy. There is no intermolecular potential energy. In both cases, the described changes will not affect the potential energy, as the potential energy is always equal to zero.

Explanation​:
The average kinetic energy doubles which means that the temperature doubles. To maintain constant pressure, volume would have to double.

Since the number of molecules also doubles, volume would have to double again to maintain constant pressure.

Thus the volume must get 4 times larger from pV=nRT

Explanation​:

Uranium-235 is a rare radioactive isotope on Earth, extracted from uranium ores. The available uranium is limited and will be depleted in time. Biomass will replenish in a human lifetime, so is considered renewable.

Explanation​:
The question gives $T$ in celsius. In kelvin, the temperature would be T+273.

Using the equation PV=nRT, we get number of moles = PV/RT. Since $M$ represents the number of moles, it will substitute into the equation for $n$ and $(T+273)$ will substitute as temperature in the equation giving

M=PV/R(T+273)​ which is answer A

Explanation​:
373$K$ is the boiling point of water. Temperature does not change until all water is boiled. B and C show temperature change at $t=0$. D is not compatible with the question. You might have seen graphs that resemble options B and D in this context, they are there to distract you.

Explanation​:
Uranium is a non-renewable source of energy whereas wind is renewable.

Explanation​:
Temperature appears to be doubled; but that is using the celsius scale. Absolute temperature is not doubled. So, $D$ is incorrect.

Volume cannot change, since the container's volume is fixed. The number of moles cannot change since the gas is enclosed in the container.

Hence, pressure is proportional to absolute temperature:

p2/p=[273+542]/[73+27] ⇒p2=1.09p

Explanation​:
I.  Chemical energy in fossil fuel is transformed into thermal energy by burning and thermal energy is used to move (kinetic energy) steam that rotates the turbine and generator (also kinetic energy). Finally, electric energy is produced in generators.

II.  The kinetic energy of wind rotates the blades (kinetic energy) and rotates the generator. Finally, electric energy is produced in a generators.

III.  The gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam converts into kinetic energy as water falls down and rotates the turbine and generator. Finally, electric energy is produced in generators.

Explanation​:

The energy $E$ required to completely melt each substance is given by

• E=mL

where $m$ is the mass of the substance and $L$ is the specific latent heat of fusion.

Therefore, for a given power $P$, the duration tmelt​ of the plateau obeys the equation

tmelt=mL/P​

The two substances have equal values of $m$ and $P$, meaning that since Substance $A$ has a higher tmelt​ value than Substance $B$, it also possesses a higher $L$ value. Hence, Statement III is incorrect.

The rates of temperature change before and after melting are related to the specific heat capacity $c$ via the expression

• E = mcΔT
• PΔt=mcΔT
• ΔTΔt=Pmc​

The gradient of the graph is therefore inversely proportional to $c$.

In both solid and liquid state, Substance $A$ exhibits a higher value of ΔTΔt​ than Substance $B$, meaning that has a lower value of $c$. Hence, Statement I is correct.

Furthermore, for each substance, the gradient of the graph is lower in the liquid phase than in the solid phase, which means that after melting $c$ increases and Statement II is correct.