Explanation:
Water's thermal properties (Choice A) include a high heat of vaporisation which results in the absorption of a large amount of heat by water before changing its physical state. This means that changing the temperature of the water is slow, and this helps to maintain the internal temperature of organisms between set limits.
Water has cohesive properties (Choice B) which means it sticks to other water molecules.
Water has adhesive properties (Choice C) which means it adheres to charged surfaces.
Water is an excellent solvent (Choice D) which means it dissolves a wide array of polar and ionic substances.

Explanation​:
All three statements are correct. The first part of the binomial name is the genus, the second part is the species which is unique to platypus species. The binomial system and binomial names are agreed between biologists at international congresses.

Explanation​:
The chromosomes of eukaryotes are linear, and the DNA is coiled around histone proteins (Choice C). Choice A is incorrect because eukaryotic DNA molecules are not circular. Choice B is incorrect because eukaryotic cells do not have looped DNA in the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect because the linear DNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are coiled around histone proteins.

Explanation​:
Vesicles are formed from a phospholipid bilayer. This phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously because the phosphate heads are hydrophilic (‘water loving’), and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (‘water hating’). Therefore Choice B is correct.

The membrane around the vesicle is not a single layer (Choices A and C) of phospholipids due to the hydrophilic phosphate heads naturally pointing outwards and inwards into the aqueous environments, and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails aligning in the centre to minimise their exposure to water. Vesicles are not induced to form in cells (Choices C and D) as the amphipathic nature of the phospholipids means that the vesicles form through self-assembly.

Explanation​:

Rewilding projects attempt to restore and rehabilitate ecosystems by reintroducing native species and allowing natural processes to become re-established. Statement I is therefore correct. Recycling and reusing products means fewer resources will be extracted from the Earth which is a process that can destroy natural habitats and lead to excessive landfill use, so Statement II is correct. Choice C is therefore correct (Statement I and II).

Increasing meat consumption (Statement III) results in more land being cleared for animals such as cattle to be bred, decreasing biodiversity. Choice D is therefore incorrect as it includes this statement. Choices A and B are missing one of the possible solutions to the crisis and are therefore incorrect.

Explanation​:
Louis Pasteur's experiments where he boiled nutrient broth in swan-necked flasks disproved spontaneous generation. Choice B is correct.

Miller and Urey's (Choice A) experiments proved that organic compounds could be produced in Earth’s early atmosphere. Rosalind Franklin’s (Choice C) work was instrumental in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Meselson and Stahl (Choice D) proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

Explanation:
Choice B is correct because two reproductively isolated populations are a key component of the definition of a species.

Choice A is incorrect because allele frequencies often differ between different populations of the same species. Choice C is incorrect because varying DNA sequences in genes confirms the existence of different alleles, not the existence of two species. Choice D is incorrect because even when two populations are geographically isolated, they may still be the same species.

Explanation​:
Gravity is responsible for holding water on Earth and is a fundamental factor in water retention within the planet's atmosphere and surface. Choice D is, therefore, correct.

Choice A is incorrect, as although rainfall is a part of the water cycle and is responsible for distributing water, it does not directly contribute to the retention of water on Earth.

Choice B is incorrect, as the moon's gravitational force regulates the tides of large bodies of water but does not directly contribute to water retention on Earth. Choice C is incorrect as water is lost from bodies of water on the surface of the Earth and evaporates into the atmosphere, which doesn't directly address water retention.

Explanation​:
The number of organisms found via the fossil record for any era is much lower compared to the number of organisms found on Earth now and those that continue to be found, so Choice B is correct. Choice A is incorrect as changing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide provide evidence for humans' impact on carbon dioxide levels. Choices C and D are incorrect as evidence suggests that the rate of evolution and speciation are increasing, which provides evidence for increasing biodiversity.

Explanation​:
Choice B is not true. Not all genes are expressed in each cell. Only the necessary genes are expressed based on the specialised function of the cell. All other statements are true.

Explanation​:
Uracil and thymine are nitrogenous bases found in two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

Uracil is found in RNA, whereas thymine is found in DNA. (Choice B)

Uracil pairs with adenine in RNA and thymine pairs with adenine in DNA (Choice D).

In both DNA and RNA, these nitrogenous bases are joined to a five-carbon sugar, also called a pentose sugar which has a ring structure, so Choice A is incorrect.

Both uracil and thymine are pyrimidines which are single-ring structures (Choice C). Adenine and guanine are purines which consist of two rings.

Explanation:
Organelles of a eukaryotic cell are enclosed by a single or double membrane. Double membrane-bound organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. So, a mitochondrion has a double membrane.

The Golgi apparatus (Choice A), lysosome (Choice C), and endoplasmic reticulum (Choice D) all have a single membrane.

Explanation​:
Cholesterol (Choice C) is a non-polar hydrophobic molecule. Therefore, it is insoluble in water.
Glucose (Choice A), amino acids (Choice B), and sodium chloride (Choice D) are soluble in water and are hydrophilic.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because Chargaff used paper chromatography to show that the proportions of adenine (A) and thymine (T) are the same, as are the proportions of guanine (G) and cytosine (C). There are not equal proportions of A, T, G and C.

Franklin (Choice B) and Watson (Choice D) are credited for their contributions to the overall structure of DNA structure. Hershey (Choice C), along with Chase, is famous for his research which provided evidence for the idea that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic code.

Explanation​:
Species that share a recent common ancestor, such as humans and chimpanzees, are more likely to have similar base sequences. Over time, as species diverge and evolve, mutations accumulate in their base sequences. The longer two species have been separated from their common ancestor, the more mutations will have accumulated in their genomes. Therefore, species that are closely related have fewer accumulated mutations and more similar base sequences (Choice B).

Choice A is incorrect because genome size is not necessarily proportional to the size of the species. The genome size can vary significantly even among organisms of similar size, and organisms with similar-sized genomes, such as the horse and mouse vary greatly in size. Choice C is incorrect because it is possible to have a larger genome size with a comparable, or even smaller, number of genes, depending on the amount of non-coding DNA and repetitive sequences present in the genome. Humans have a larger genome but a similar number of genes to the chimpanzee, mouse and horse. Choice D is incorrect because although the nucleotide base sequence in the table for humans and chimpanzees is the same it does not mean that their whole genome is the same.

Explanation​:
Choice D is correct because the three domains of organisms are Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota. Choice A is incorrect because prokaryote is not the name of one of the domains. Choice B is incorrect because Protista and prokaryota are not the names of domains. Choice C is incorrect because Protista is not one of the domains.

Explanation:
Adhesive properties (Choice B) refer to water’s ability to stick to charged surfaces or polar molecules. This, together with cohesion, allows water to move against gravity up the stem through capillary action.

Water's melting point (Choice A) is the temperature at which it changes its state from solid to liquid.

The specific heat capacity (Choice C) of water pertains to the amount of heat energy needed to raise its temperature by 1 °C.

The buoyant force of water (Choice D) is the upward force on an object submerged or partially immersed in water, equal to the weight of the displaced water.

Explanation​:
Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria but eukaryotic cells do. Choice D is correct.

Choice A is incorrect as eukaryotes (as well as Archae) contain 80S ribosomes. Choice B is incorrect as both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane. Choice C is incorrect as eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus but prokaryotic cells do not.

Explanation​:
Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria but prokaryotic cells do not. Choice A is correct.

Choices B and D are incorrect as the cell is not prokaryotic; it has a nucleus. Choice C is incorrect because the cell has a nucleus.

Explanation​:
Choices A, B and D are incorrect as they all have a single membrane.

Explanation​:
Choice B is the correct definition for a clade, a group of organisms that share a common ancestor. Choice A and C are incorrect as they do not feature the idea of a common ancestor. Choice D is incorrect because organisms within a clade do share a common ancestor.

Explanation​:
A group of individuals living in a defined area is not a biological definition (Choice A). A group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at the same time who are interacting with each other is a population (Choice B) and the environment in which they live is a habitat (Choice C). It is only when they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring that they can be considered a species. (Choice D).

Explanation​:
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis, not the Golgi apparatus. Choice A is correct. Choices B, C and D are incorrect as they are all functions of the Golgi apparatus.

Explanation:
Bound ribosomes synthesise proteins for secretion outside of the cell, membrane-associated proteins or proteins used in lysosomes (Choice D).

Choice A is incorrect, as free ribosomes synthesise proteins for use primarily within the cytoplasm.
Choice B is incorrect as bound ribosomes do not transport mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Choice C is incorrect as ribosomes do not destroy proteins.

Explanation​:
Choice D is correct because homologous structures refer to structures inherited from a common ancestor which are similar but often used for different functions.

Choice A is incorrect, as ancestral structures refer to structures present in an ancestor species, not structures found in present day species. Choice B is incorrect as convergent structures are not a term used in biology. Convergent evolution, on the other hand, leads to analogous structures. Choice C is incorrect as analogous structures refer to structures used for the same function, which are significantly different when closely inspected. Analogous structures also have different evolutionary origins.