Explanation:
Statement I is true because all cells have cytoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane.

Statement II is also true because the invention of the microscope made viewing structures within the cell easier.

Statement III is false because all cells have genetic material. Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material inside of the nucleus, while prokaryotes have their genetic material in the nucleoid region.

Explanation:
The number of organisms found via the fossil record for any era is much lower compared to the number of organisms found on Earth now and those that continue to be found, so Choice B is correct. Choice A is incorrect as changing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide provide evidence for humans' impact on carbon dioxide levels. Choices C and D are incorrect as evidence suggests that the rate of evolution and speciation are increasing, which provides evidence for increasing biodiversity.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because Chargaff used paper chromatography to show that the proportions of adenine (A) and thymine (T) are the same, as are the proportions of guanine (G) and cytosine (C). There are not equal proportions of A, T, G and C.

Franklin (Choice B) and Watson (Choice D) are credited for their contributions to the overall structure of DNA structure. Hershey (Choice C), along with Chase, is famous for his research which provided evidence for the idea that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic code.

Explanation:
DNA molecule is made up of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides. Antiparallel means that both strands are geometrically parallel but oriented in opposite directions (Option II). One of the strands is in the direction of 5' to 3', whereas the other strand is in the direction of 3' to 5'. The backbones, made of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, are held together by covalent phosphodiester bonds (Option III). Both of these strands are joined together by the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs.

DNA strands are not symmetrical (Option I) because symmetrical would mean that they are a mirror image of each other.

Explanation:
Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a population over time; these characteristics can be passed from one generation to another (Choice A). Choice B is incorrect as it describes when organisms are reproductively isolated, which is a mechanism that may lead to evolution in a population. Choice C is incorrect because it refers to learned behaviours which are learned within an organism’s lifetime and are not genetically inherited. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to selective breeding.

Explanation:
Nucleotides are linked together by condensation reactions to form molecules of DNA (Choice B). The formation of DNA requires the removal of water for the joining of smaller molecules to form a larger molecule.

The joining of nucleotides together can also be classified as an anabolic reaction but not as a catabolic reaction (Choice C). Catabolism is the breaking down of a large molecule into a smaller molecule. An example of catabolism is hydrolysis which is a reaction that breaks down a large molecule into a smaller molecule by adding water (Choice A).

Translation is a process which follows the transcription of DNA (Choice D). It is where mRNA is used as a template by ribosomes to synthesize polypeptides.

Explanation:
Choice B is correct because two reproductively isolated populations are a key component of the definition of a species.

Choice A is incorrect because allele frequencies often differ between different populations of the same species. Choice C is incorrect because varying DNA sequences in genes confirms the existence of different alleles, not the existence of two species. Choice D is incorrect because even when two populations are geographically isolated, they may still be the same species.

Explanation:
Adhesive properties (Choice B) refer to water’s ability to stick to charged surfaces or polar molecules. This, together with cohesion, allows water to move against gravity up the stem through capillary action.

Water's melting point (Choice A) is the temperature at which it changes its state from solid to liquid.

The specific heat capacity (Choice C) of water pertains to the amount of heat energy needed to raise its temperature by 1 °C.

The buoyant force of water (Choice D) is the upward force on an object submerged or partially immersed in water, equal to the weight of the displaced water.

Explanation:
Choice A - Excretion is the process wherein waste and excess water in the organism are removed. Paramecia expel waste products such as carbon dioxide through the process of diffusion.

Choice B - Homeostasis pertains to the ability of living things to maintain a stable internal environment. Paramecia maintain a stable internal condition by expelling excess water using the contractile vacuole.

Choice C - Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce offspring that are biologically similar to themselves. Paramecia can reproduce sexually through meiosis and asexually through mitosis.

Choice D - Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in organisms such as anabolic and catabolic reactions. Paramecia produce enzymes that catalyse different catabolic and anabolic reactions in the cell.

Explanation:
Species that share a recent common ancestor, such as humans and chimpanzees, are more likely to have similar base sequences. Over time, as species diverge and evolve, mutations accumulate in their base sequences. The longer two species have been separated from their common ancestor, the more mutations will have accumulated in their genomes. Therefore, species that are closely related have fewer accumulated mutations and more similar base sequences (Choice B).

Choice A is incorrect because genome size is not necessarily proportional to the size of the species. The genome size can vary significantly even among organisms of similar size, and organisms with similar-sized genomes, such as the horse and mouse vary greatly in size. Choice C is incorrect because it is possible to have a larger genome size with a comparable, or even smaller, number of genes, depending on the amount of non-coding DNA and repetitive sequences present in the genome. Humans have a larger genome but a similar number of genes to the chimpanzee, mouse and horse. Choice D is incorrect because although the nucleotide base sequence in the table for humans and chimpanzees is the same it does not mean that their whole genome is the same.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because Eukaryota are the only group with nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Choice B and choice C are incorrect because organisms in these two domains (Archaea and Eubacteria) do not have membrane-enclosed organelles. Choice D is incorrect because prokaryotes are not the name of a domain.

Explanation:
Choices A, B and D are incorrect as they all have a single membrane.

Explanation:
Choice D is correct because organisms placed in the same group share common ancestry. Choice A and Choice B are incorrect because morphology and anatomical characteristics are used to describe the structures of organisms which are used to primarily group them together. Choice C is incorrect because modes of nutrition are used to describe organisms but not to classify organisms.

Explanation:
Choice B is not true. Not all genes are expressed in each cell. Only the necessary genes are expressed based on the specialised function of the cell. All other statements are true.

Explanation:
The chromosomes of eukaryotes are linear, and the DNA is coiled around histone proteins (Choice C). Choice A is incorrect because eukaryotic DNA molecules are not circular. Choice B is incorrect because eukaryotic cells do not have looped DNA in the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect because the linear DNA molecules in eukaryotic cells are coiled around histone proteins.

Explanation:
Louis Pasteur's experiments where he boiled nutrient broth in swan-necked flasks disproved spontaneous generation. Choice B is correct.

Miller and Urey's (Choice A) experiments proved that organic compounds could be produced in Earth’s early atmosphere. Rosalind Franklin’s (Choice C) work was instrumental in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Meselson and Stahl (Choice D) proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

Explanation:
The nucleotide strand CCUAGAGCUUACCG contains the bases cytosine (C), uracil (U), adenine (A), and guanine (G). While C, A, and G are found in both DNA and RNA, the base uracil is only found in RNA. So, the strand is an RNA strand.

RNA contains the pentose sugar ribose. Therefore, ribose is found in the nucleotides in the strand.

Choices A and C are incorrect because deoxyribose is only found in DNA, not RNA. The nucleotide strand cannot be DNA because it contains uracil in place of thymine (T).

Choice D is incorrect because the strand is RNA which contains ribose.

Explanation:
Vesicles are formed from a phospholipid bilayer. This phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously because the phosphate heads are hydrophilic (‘water loving’), and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (‘water hating’). Therefore Choice B is correct.

The membrane around the vesicle is not a single layer (Choices A and C) of phospholipids due to the hydrophilic phosphate heads naturally pointing outwards and inwards into the aqueous environments, and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails aligning in the centre to minimise their exposure to water. Vesicles are not induced to form in cells (Choices C and D) as the amphipathic nature of the phospholipids means that the vesicles form through self-assembly.

Explanation:
Uracil and thymine are nitrogenous bases found in two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

Uracil is found in RNA, whereas thymine is found in DNA. (Choice B)

Uracil pairs with adenine in RNA and thymine pairs with adenine in DNA (Choice D).

In both DNA and RNA, these nitrogenous bases are joined to a five-carbon sugar, also called a pentose sugar which has a ring structure, so Choice A is incorrect.

Both uracil and thymine are pyrimidines which are single-ring structures (Choice C). Adenine and guanine are purines which consist of two rings.

Explanation:
All three statements are correct. The first part of the binomial name is the genus, the second part is the species which is unique to platypus species. The binomial system and binomial names are agreed between biologists at international congresses.

Explanation:
Water's thermal properties (Choice A) include a high heat of vaporisation which results in the absorption of a large amount of heat by water before changing its physical state. This means that changing the temperature of the water is slow, and this helps to maintain the internal temperature of organisms between set limits.
Water has cohesive properties (Choice B) which means it sticks to other water molecules.
Water has adhesive properties (Choice C) which means it adheres to charged surfaces.
Water is an excellent solvent (Choice D) which means it dissolves a wide array of polar and ionic substances.

Explanation:
Choice D is correct because water has a relatively high density compared to many substances which increases the buoyancy forces it exerts on objects submerged in it.

Choice B is incorrect because specific heat capacity refers to how much energy is required to raise the temperature of a unit of mass of a given substance by one degree Celsius. Choice C is incorrect because viscosity refers to the resistance of a fluid to an object moving through it or to flow of the fluid itself.

Explanation:
The resolution is the ability to distinguish between two objects. Choice B is correct.

Choices A and D are incorrect because a photograph taken using an electron microscope would allow the ultrastructure of the cells (fine detail of cells, such as organelles) to be observed. Choice C is incorrect because these photographs are magnified at the same power.

Explanation:
The endosymbiotic theory states that larger prokaryotes engulfed smaller prokaryotes, which were the ancestors of modern chloroplasts and mitochondria, eventually evolving into eukaryotes. Choice A is correct.

Statement I (Choices B and D) is incorrect as prokaryotes were not formed by the endosymbiotic theory. Statement III (Choice C) is incorrect as spontaneous generation is impossible.

Explanation:
Cholesterol (Choice C) is a non-polar hydrophobic molecule. Therefore, it is insoluble in water.
Glucose (Choice A), amino acids (Choice B), and sodium chloride (Choice D) are soluble in water and are hydrophilic.