Explanation​:

Rewilding projects attempt to restore and rehabilitate ecosystems by reintroducing native species and allowing natural processes to become re-established. Statement I is therefore correct. Recycling and reusing products means fewer resources will be extracted from the Earth which is a process that can destroy natural habitats and lead to excessive landfill use, so Statement II is correct. Choice C is therefore correct (Statement I and II).

Increasing meat consumption (Statement III) results in more land being cleared for animals such as cattle to be bred, decreasing biodiversity. Choice D is therefore incorrect as it includes this statement. Choices A and B are missing one of the possible solutions to the crisis and are therefore incorrect.

Explanation​:
Choice B is the correct definition for a clade, a group of organisms that share a common ancestor. Choice A and C are incorrect as they do not feature the idea of a common ancestor. Choice D is incorrect because organisms within a clade do share a common ancestor.

Explanation​:
Choice A - Excretion is the process wherein waste and excess water in the organism are removed. Paramecia expel waste products such as carbon dioxide through the process of diffusion.

Choice B - Homeostasis pertains to the ability of living things to maintain a stable internal environment. Paramecia maintain a stable internal condition by expelling excess water using the contractile vacuole.

Choice C - Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce offspring that are biologically similar to themselves. Paramecia can reproduce sexually through meiosis and asexually through mitosis.

Choice D - Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in organisms such as anabolic and catabolic reactions. Paramecia produce enzymes that catalyse different catabolic and anabolic reactions in the cell.

Explanation​:
The number of organisms found via the fossil record for any era is much lower compared to the number of organisms found on Earth now and those that continue to be found, so Choice B is correct. Choice A is incorrect as changing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide provide evidence for humans' impact on carbon dioxide levels. Choices C and D are incorrect as evidence suggests that the rate of evolution and speciation are increasing, which provides evidence for increasing biodiversity.

Explanation​:
Choice A is correct because statements I and II are common features of bacterial cells. Archaeans, which are prokaryotes, have DNA associated with histone proteins, but bacteria do not (statement III).

Explanation:
Choice B is correct because two reproductively isolated populations are a key component of the definition of a species.

Choice A is incorrect because allele frequencies often differ between different populations of the same species. Choice C is incorrect because varying DNA sequences in genes confirms the existence of different alleles, not the existence of two species. Choice D is incorrect because even when two populations are geographically isolated, they may still be the same species.

Explanation​:
All 64 codons of the genetic code are present in all organisms, apart from minor variations indicating that all life evolved from the same original cells (Choice D).

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells (Choice A) is incorrect as this is the endosymbiotic theory. Choice B is incorrect as mitochondria do not have a cell wall. Choice C is incorrect as bacteria do not have histones.

Explanation:
Statement I is true because all cells have cytoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane.

Statement II is also true because the invention of the microscope made viewing structures within the cell easier.

Statement III is false because all cells have genetic material. Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material inside of the nucleus, while prokaryotes have their genetic material in the nucleoid region.

Explanation​:
Choice D is correct because organisms placed in the same group share common ancestry. Choice A and Choice B are incorrect because morphology and anatomical characteristics are used to describe the structures of organisms which are used to primarily group them together. Choice C is incorrect because modes of nutrition are used to describe organisms but not to classify organisms.

Explanation​:
Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria but prokaryotic cells do not. Choice A is correct.

Choices B and D are incorrect as the cell is not prokaryotic; it has a nucleus. Choice C is incorrect because the cell has a nucleus.

Explanation:
Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a population over time; these characteristics can be passed from one generation to another (Choice A). Choice B is incorrect as it describes when organisms are reproductively isolated, which is a mechanism that may lead to evolution in a population. Choice C is incorrect because it refers to learned behaviours which are learned within an organism’s lifetime and are not genetically inherited. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to selective breeding.

Explanation:
Water's thermal properties (Choice A) include a high heat of vaporisation which results in the absorption of a large amount of heat by water before changing its physical state. This means that changing the temperature of the water is slow, and this helps to maintain the internal temperature of organisms between set limits.
Water has cohesive properties (Choice B) which means it sticks to other water molecules.
Water has adhesive properties (Choice C) which means it adheres to charged surfaces.
Water is an excellent solvent (Choice D) which means it dissolves a wide array of polar and ionic substances.

Explanation​:
Choice B is correct because X labels the core histone proteins which help package the DNA into nucleosomes through coiling.

Choice A is incorrect because X is not linker DNA which extends from one nucleosome to the next, connecting nucleosomes with one another. Choice C is incorrect because enzymes carry out DNA replication, not histone proteins. Choice D is incorrect because DNA carries genetic material, not the core histone proteins.

Explanation​:
A group of individuals living in a defined area is not a biological definition (Choice A). A group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at the same time who are interacting with each other is a population (Choice B) and the environment in which they live is a habitat (Choice C). It is only when they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring that they can be considered a species. (Choice D).

Explanation:
Organelles of a eukaryotic cell are enclosed by a single or double membrane. Double membrane-bound organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. So, a mitochondrion has a double membrane.

The Golgi apparatus (Choice A), lysosome (Choice C), and endoplasmic reticulum (Choice D) all have a single membrane.

Explanation​:
RNA is believed to be a potential candidate for the first genetic material due to its ability to form spontaneously from nucleotides (Statement I). Miller's famous experiment demonstrated that simple organic molecules, including nucleotides, could be produced from a mixture of gases under conditions that simulated early Earth (Statement III). This experiment suggested that nucleotides could have formed spontaneously on a prebiotic Earth, providing a plausible scenario for the emergence of RNA as the first genetic material. Therefore Choice B is correct.

Choice A only included Statement I and not II, so it is incorrect. While it is true that RNA contains ribose as its sugar component (Statement II), the presence of ribose is not a primary reason for RNA being considered the first genetic material. Both RNA and DNA contain sugars in their structures, but the key point in favour of RNA as the first genetic material is its ability to form spontaneously. Choices C and D included Statement II and so are incorrect.

Explanation​:
Gravity is responsible for holding water on Earth and is a fundamental factor in water retention within the planet's atmosphere and surface. Choice D is, therefore, correct.

Choice A is incorrect, as although rainfall is a part of the water cycle and is responsible for distributing water, it does not directly contribute to the retention of water on Earth.

Choice B is incorrect, as the moon's gravitational force regulates the tides of large bodies of water but does not directly contribute to water retention on Earth. Choice C is incorrect as water is lost from bodies of water on the surface of the Earth and evaporates into the atmosphere, which doesn't directly address water retention.

Explanation​:
Species that share a recent common ancestor, such as humans and chimpanzees, are more likely to have similar base sequences. Over time, as species diverge and evolve, mutations accumulate in their base sequences. The longer two species have been separated from their common ancestor, the more mutations will have accumulated in their genomes. Therefore, species that are closely related have fewer accumulated mutations and more similar base sequences (Choice B).

Choice A is incorrect because genome size is not necessarily proportional to the size of the species. The genome size can vary significantly even among organisms of similar size, and organisms with similar-sized genomes, such as the horse and mouse vary greatly in size. Choice C is incorrect because it is possible to have a larger genome size with a comparable, or even smaller, number of genes, depending on the amount of non-coding DNA and repetitive sequences present in the genome. Humans have a larger genome but a similar number of genes to the chimpanzee, mouse and horse. Choice D is incorrect because although the nucleotide base sequence in the table for humans and chimpanzees is the same it does not mean that their whole genome is the same.

Explanation:
Choice A is correct because Chargaff used paper chromatography to show that the proportions of adenine (A) and thymine (T) are the same, as are the proportions of guanine (G) and cytosine (C). There are not equal proportions of A, T, G and C.

Franklin (Choice B) and Watson (Choice D) are credited for their contributions to the overall structure of DNA structure. Hershey (Choice C), along with Chase, is famous for his research which provided evidence for the idea that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic code.

Explanation​:
The nucleotide strand CCUAGAGCUUACCG contains the bases cytosine (C), uracil (U), adenine (A), and guanine (G). While C, A, and G are found in both DNA and RNA, the base uracil is only found in RNA. So, the strand is an RNA strand.

RNA contains the pentose sugar ribose. Therefore, ribose is found in the nucleotides in the strand.

Choices A and C are incorrect because deoxyribose is only found in DNA, not RNA. The nucleotide strand cannot be DNA because it contains uracil in place of thymine (T).

Choice D is incorrect because the strand is RNA which contains ribose.

Explanation:
Hydrophilic (Choice C) substances dissolve in water through the formation of hydrogen bonds with water.
Non-polar (Choice D) substances are not attracted to water molecules and do not form bonds with them. These substances are hydrophobic (Choice B), making them insoluble (Choice A) in water.

Explanation:
X is pointing to the nucleus and Y is pointing to a mitochondrion. Choice A is incorrect as neither organelle has a single membrane. Choice B is incorrect as only mitochondria contain cristae, the nucleus does not. Choice D is incorrect as neither the nucleus or mitochondria contain starch grains.

Explanation​:
Statement II is correct as prokaryotic cells do not have a Golgi apparatus and statement III is correct as prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles. Choices A, C and D are incorrect.

Explanation​:
Choice D is correct. The DNA sequence (Statement I) and amino acid sequence (Statement II) are the usual, present way of determining members of the same clade, however, physical appearance (Statement III) was previously, but is now rarely, used.

Explanation​:
DNA molecule is made up of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides. Antiparallel means that both strands are geometrically parallel but oriented in opposite directions (Option II). One of the strands is in the direction of 5' to 3', whereas the other strand is in the direction of 3' to 5'. The backbones, made of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, are held together by covalent phosphodiester bonds (Option III). Both of these strands are joined together by the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs.

DNA strands are not symmetrical (Option I) because symmetrical would mean that they are a mirror image of each other.