Explanation​:
Synaptogenesis is an explosion of synaptic formation between neurons during early brain development. The brain experiences a lot of growth during infancy. This period of synaptogenesis plays an essential role in learning, memory formation. Active synapses are strengthened, and less active synapses are weakened. The process of removing the irrelevant/pruned synapses is referred to as synaptic pruning.

Explanation​:
Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic terminal of a neuron. The presynaptic terminal is the end of the axon, specifically the terminal bouton or synaptic knob, where the neuron forms synapses with other neurons or target cells. Once an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron or target cell. The neurotransmitters can bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron or target cell, transmitting the signal and facilitating communication between neurons.

Explanation​:
Antagonists counteract neurotransmitters and prevent a signal from being passed further. It decreases the activation of a synaptic receptor by blocking the neurotransmitters from binding/bonding. An example of an antagonist is scopolamine, which affects the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh).

Explanation​:
Broca's aphasia is characterized by a loss of articulated speech and a lack of understanding of grammatical structure. A person suffering from Broca's aphasia faces difficulty forming complete sentences and tends to repeat specific words while speaking. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in this kind of aphasia. The earliest discovery in this field was made by Paul Broca in the year 1861.

Explanation​:
Hormones are chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands: adrenal glands, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. These form the endocrine system.

Oxytocin is responsible for social bonding, affects trust in interpersonal interactions, and is referred to as the $\text{‘}$bonding hormone$\text{’}$ and $\text{‘}$love hormone$\text{’}$. It also helps to establish a strong bond between a mother and a child.

Explanation​:

Choice A is correct because fraternal twins only share 50% of their genes, and identical twins share 100%. Due to this, researchers can study the differences and similarities in personality, intellect, and behaviour.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not address the nature aspect of the nature vs. nurture debate in twin studies.

Explanation​:

Answer A is incorrect because nonhuman animals can still be used for research and experimentation.

Answer B is incorrect because the experimenter and researcher need to have the appropriate licensure.

Answer C is incorrect because nonhuman animals can be used in a variety of settings and research methodologies.

Answer D is correct because all experimentation and research must comply with APA guidelines for ethical animal research.

Explanation​:
Cushing's syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when the body is exposed to high cortisol levels for an extended period. This can be because the body is making too much cortisol or because of oral corticosteroid medicines.

Cushing's syndrome symptoms can include feeling emotional and tired, a rounded face, high blood pressure, and excess weight around the shoulders and neck.

Explanation​:
The 5-HTT or serotonin receptors are found in the central or peripheral nervous system. 5-HTT stands for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Serotonin receptors affect many processes, such as memory, sleep, appetite, aggression, and anxiety. A study done by Caspi et al. in the year 2003 shows depression was also linked to a particular gene—the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT.

Explanation​:

Answer C is correct because the study mainly focused on the heritability of intelligence and the influence of upbringing.

Answers A, B, and D are incorrect because the study did not specifically focus on birth order, cultural factors, or physical health outcomes.

Explanation​:
The amygdala is responsible for directing automatic or unconscious responses to emotional stimuli. It also plays a crucial role in linking sensory inputs with long-term memory in the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the amygdala, together with the hippocampus, are both involved in emotion and cognition as they are central to processing emotion in relation to cognitive processes such as memory.

MRI scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images. All metal objects and clothing on the body have to be removed before lying in the MRI machine. This is a disadvantage of the technique, as people with metallic implants cannot use this technique.

Explanation​:
Twin studies are small in sample size and rare due to the uniqueness of their target group. It becomes difficult to collect samples depending on the aim of the research. Twin studies are on monozygotic or dizygotic twins or both. This results in issues with the replication of similar studies.

Options A, B and C are strengths of twin studies.

Explanation​:
Cortical remapping, or cortical reorganization, is the ability of one part of the brain area to assume the functions of another part of the brain in case of an injury.

Cortical remapping is explained in the research by Merzenich et al. (1984) on eight adult owl monkeys. The middle finger of the monkey was amputated, and remapping was observed in 62 days. Adjacent areas from other fingers spread and occupied the parts of the unused area / amputated area.

Explanation​:

The modern theory of evolution is based on the following premise:

• organisms are driven by the need to survive and reproduce
• organisms having different traits are adapted to their environment to varying degrees, or what is called differential fitness
• organisms that adapt well to environmental changes have a higher chance of survival

Explanation​:
Studying animal models refer to using animals in research to test a cause-effect hypothesis about a specific human behaviour—for example, understanding stress models, separation models, and medical models. They allow researchers to test hypotheses and explore interventions in a controlled and ethical manner.

Popular species commonly subjected to psychological research are rats, mice, pigeons, cats, rabbits, hamsters, dogs, chimpanzees, and baboons.

Explanation​:

Answer A is correct. The behaviour the dogs exhibited after being repeatedly shocked showed they stopped trying to escape due to the shocks, thereby learning that they were helpless in that particular situation.

Explanation​:

The biological approach in understanding human behaviour emphasises the role of genetics and other physiological factors in influencing personality and behaviour. Answers A, B, and C do not have this emphasis.

Explanation​:

Stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol released after an event activates the amygdala often linked to the formation of flashbulb memories.

Choices B, C and A are hormones but are not related to the amygdala.

Explanation​:

The evolutionary approach, using Charles Darwin’s concepts of evolution and adaptation, suggests that our ability to adapt to new situations and environments directly results from evolution.

Answer A is incorrect because humanistic psychology emphasises achieving a person’s holistic growth in terms of love, fulfilment, and self-worth.

Answer B is incorrect because the Freudian concept of psychoanalytic psychology emphasises the influence of the unconscious and childhood experiences on behaviour and personality.

Answer D is incorrect because the biopsychosocial perspective suggests that physical and mental health is affected by biology, psychology, and social stressors.

Explanation​:
The primary role of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is to send inhibitory signalling to the brain and reduce the effect of the excitatory neurotransmitter. It promotes relaxation by inhibiting the neurons from firing and balancing brain activity.

Explanation​:

A, B and D are functions of the MRI and fMRI.

The difference between the MRI and fMRI is C, the ability to produce a video representation of brain activity over time, which a normal MRI cannot do.

MRI scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images.