Explanation​:
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) was given by Hans Selye (1951). GAS develops in three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Alarm stage$\text{—}$the body is exposed to a stressor ( activation of fight/flight response).

Resistance$\text{—}$the body defends itself against the stressor.

Exhaustion$\text{—}$the body can no longer sustain the stressor, bodily resources are depleted, and the person is likely to fall sick.

Explanation​:
Behavioural approach focuses on changing individual behaviour regarding health choices through education. Several health promotion programs run by schools help students understand the importance of healthy choices, illnesses and overall well-being.

This approach actively helps people to change/modify their behaviour through goal-setting methods, modelling and making food charts.

Explanation​:
The prevalence rate of a health problem in a population is influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. Biological influences include genetics/family history, psychological influences include attitudes and beliefs about health problems, and social influences are the environmental factors are access to healthcare, income, and educational level.

All these factors together play an essential role in influencing the prevalence rate of a health problem.

Explanation​:
According to Matarazzo (1980), the four main goals of health psychology are the promotion and maintenance of health behaviours, improvement of healthcare policies, prevention and treatment of illness & understanding the causes of illness.

This field of psychology focuses on understanding the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence health and illness.

Explanation​:
Cognitive dissonance theory was initially proposed by Leon Festinger in 1957.

It is based on three essential points:

• 1. People are aware when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent.
• 2. People are uncomfortable with these inconsistencies.
• 3. People will strive to align their beliefs and actions.

According to him, the biopsychosocial model was a $\text{“}$blueprint for research, a framework for teaching, and a design for action in the real world of health care''.

Explanation​:
An accurate explanation of optimism bias is where a person is less likely to believe that negative outcomes will happen to him/her. This cognitive bias can make a person eat/drink unhealthy items as she/he believes it won’t affect their health negatively. It can hinder health promotion efforts if people underestimate health risks/issues.

Health promotion programs help to identify cognitive biases and be mindful while making decisions related to health.

Explanation​:
The program's impact on behaviour and health outcomes is the most important criterion to determine the effectiveness of a health promotion program.

The programs are conducted keeping the target population in mind and how it impacts their actions/behaviour.

Options A, B and D are supporting criteria for the effectiveness of a health promotion program.

Explanation​:
Food labelling is used as an intervention method to promote good health by reminding consumers about the potentially adverse health implications of a product.

The concept of cognitive dissonance is bought at the product level through food labelling as it changes customers' attitudes about health and health-related problems

Explanation​:
Health locus of the person is a dispositional factor for health psychology among individuals because it focuses on how much importance an individual gives to their health. It is the value that a person gives to their physical, mental and emotional health. People with high health locus spend more time prioritizing their health and following health practices.

All the other options focus on situational factors.

Explanation​:
Leptin is a hormone that travels from the fat cells to the brain indicating that enough food has been consumed and energy burning can happen at a normal rate.

When an individual is suffering from obesity, their bodies become resistant and no longer receive the message that their body has had enough food.

Explanation​:
Type 2 diabetes is a common consequence of obesity in an individual's physiological health.

Obesity affects the way the body uses insulin to control blood sugar levels in the body. This raises the risk of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

Explanation​:
The determinants of health can be broken into two main categories, which are social and personal determinants of health.

The personal determinants include individual behaviour and genetics, and the social determinant includes all other determinants of health, such as the social and physical environment of the individual.

Explanation​:
Locus of control is closely related to Bandura's concept of self-efficacy. A belief in an internal locus of control results in strong self-efficacy.

Individuals with high self-efficacy are more aware of healthy choices and are persistent about following those. They may also have a positive attitude towards exercise and being fit, which are protective factors against illness/health problems.

Explanation​:
Obesity is best defined as a medical condition characterised by an excess of body fat. It is a medical problem that increases the risk of other health problems, such as hypertension, liver disease and sleep apnea. Obesity can happen due to many factors like genetics, physiological, emotional and environmental.

Explanation​:
Fear appeals are a common key strategy for health promotions. Fear appeals are persuasive messages that highlight the potential dangers and harm individuals may face if they do not follow the recommendations of the message (Albarracin, 2015, in Popov et al., 2017). It works as a source of motivation for some people and helps change unhealthy behaviour/actions.

Explanation​:
When confronted with a stressor, an individual will simultaneously engage in two types of appraisal: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal is a correct explanation of the transactional stress model.

The other options are based on the following explanation:

There are two main perceptions related to why people practise health behaviour: the perceived threat of the illness and the perceived effectiveness of the recommended health behaviour$\text{—}$health belief model.

People strive to retain, protect and build resources and that stress is experienced when they feel that they may lose, or have lost these resources$\text{—}$the conservation of resources model.

Our appraisal of events as stressful has the potential to activate a biological response$\text{—}$fight or flight response.

Explanation​:
Factors that reduce health problems and promote well-being are protective factors in health psychology.

Protective factors include regular exercise, a healthy diet and access to clean water and health care services which helps people to lead a healthy life and promote overall well-being.