Explanation:​
Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.
BF3 and AlCl3​ both have incomplete octets and so can accept a pair of electrons.
Electrophiles, by definition, are electron-deficient species that accept pairs of electrons. Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate pairs of electrons (Lewis bases).

Explanation:
Cathode site of reduction, anode site of oxidation, use CROA to remember this.
Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Explanation​:
The student must be sufficiently familiar with the reactions covered in the syllabus to realize that sodium hydroxide would not be useful for producing a diol from an alkene. Alternatively, the question could be answered by recalling the use of sodium hydroxide in the other three reactions. The question is categorized as easy as only limited knowledge of reactions in the literature is needed.
Reactions B and C are both acid-base reactions where NaOH deprotonates the organic species.
Reaction D is a nucleophilic substitution of a halogenoalkane with OH− as the nucleophile.
Reaction A would require first halogenation (with e.g. Br2​) followed by nucleophilic substitution.

Explanation:​

Acids react with carbonates to produce a salt, water, and carbon dioxide.

Explanation:​
The HPO4^− ion contains two negatively charged oxygen atoms which can bond to hydrogen ions, producing phosphoric acid (H3PO4​).
The HPO4^− ion can therefore react with two H+ ions.
This question is moderately difficult as the student must recognise that H^+ ions bond to the negatively charged oxygen atoms, or that HPO4^− is derived from H3PO4​.

Explanation:​
ΔGθ = $-$.
For spontaneous reactions, ΔGθ is negative, therefore Ecellθ​ must be positive.

Explanation:​
Lewis bases are electron pair donors and so, must have a lone (non-bonding) pair of electrons.

Explanation​:
Statement II is incorrect as acids produce solutions with $\mathrm{pH}$ lower than 7.

Explanation:​
H2O is more readily oxidized than Cl^− and SO4^2−, however, when concentrated aqueous NaCl is used, chlorine is produced at the anode

Explanation​:
Strong acids and weak bases react to produce acidic salts $(\mathrm{pH}<7)$ as the conjugate acid to a weak base is strong.

Explanation​:
Use the mnemomic CNAP; cathode negative, anode positive for the polarity in electrolytic cells.

Explanation​:
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and sodium hydroxide is a strong base. At the equivalence point, $\mathrm{pH}>7$, therefore the indicator chosen must have an endpoint>7(as determined by its pKa​).

Explanation:​
The student must identify the reagents and conditions for three reactions. Only information stated explicitly in the syllabus is needed and no interpretation of structural formulas is required. This question is therefore, categorized as “easy”.
Alkenes react with HCl in an addition reaction, alkanes react with halogens in the presence of UV light through free radical substitution, and halogenoalkanes react with NaOH in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Explanation:​
A nucleophile is a species that is electron-rich and an electron donor.
An electrophile is an electron deficient species.

Explanation​:
Weak acids produce strong conjugate bases. The salt when dissolved in solution would therefore be basic.

Explanation:​
C3H8 is a saturated alkane and C3H6 is an unsaturated alkene. The test of unsaturation using Br2(aq) can demonstrate the presence or absence of a carbon-carbon double bond.
In the presence of a double bond, Br2(aq) can add across the double bond in the alkene producing a dibromo-alkane, and a change of color from brown to colorless will be observed.
In the case of the absence of a double bond (saturated hydrocarbon), no color change would occur.

Explanation​:
$\mathrm{l}$ is a neutral salt, Na2CO3 is a basic salt, and NaOH is a strong base.

Explanation:
In a primary alcohol, the OH group is bonded to a CH2​ group. The alcohol group initially reacts with KMnO4​ to form an aldehyde (CHO) group, as in option B.
However, the aldehyde is further oxidzed to a carboxylic acid (COOH) group unless it is removed by distillation. Here, the solution is heated under reflux, so the carboxylic acid is the major product.

Explanation:​
Spontaneous reactions occur in voltaic cells converting chemical energy to electrical energy, whereas, non-spontaneous reactions occur in electrolytic cells requiring electrical energy and converting this to chemical energy.
Electrolytic cells typically consist of one reaction vessel containing the aqueous of molten electrolyte. No salt bridge is therefore required.